نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه حقوق عمومی و بینالملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.
2 گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.
چکیده
شانه دار مهاجم دریای خزر نمونه ای از گونه های بیگانه مهاجم می باشد که از اواسط دهه نود میلادی، از طریق آب توازن کشتی ها از کانال ولگا- دن به دریای خزر منتقل شد. این گونه پلانکتون خوار با ایجاد اختلال در زنجبره غذایی، بسیاری از موجودات دریای خزر از جمله ماهیان کیلکا، خاویار و فک این دریا را در معرض خطر انقراض قرار داده است. با توجه به اثرات شدید زیست محیطی و اقتصادی گونههای بیگانه مهاجم، سؤال اصلی این پژوهش آن است که حقوق بینالملل چه تکالیفی را بر عهده دولتهای ساحلی خزر در راستای مدیریت این گونهها قرار میدهد؟ در پاسخ، با به کارگیری روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و بهره گیری از منابع کتابخانهای این نتیجه حاصل آمد که کشور جمهوری اسلامی ایران و دیگر کشورهای حاشیه دریای خزر به عضویت برخی معاهدات زیستمحیطی جهانی و منطقهای درآمدهاند که به طور صریح یا ضمنی، تعهداتی را برای پیشگیری، کنترل و حذف گونههای بیگانه مهاجم بر عهده آنها قرار میدهد. همچنین قواعد عرفی بینالمللی و اصول کلی حقوقی نیز تعهداتی را در جهت اتخاذ تدابیر پیشگیرانه، احتیاطی و کنترلی بر عهده این دولتها قرار داده است. نقض هر یک از این تعهدات اولیه یا اقدام به فعالیتهای موجد خسارت توسط کشورهای اطراف خزر میتواند منجر به طرح مسئولیت بینالمللی دولت ناقض تعهد یا ایجادکننده خسارت شود. بنابراین حقوق بینالملل از نظر وجود قواعد الزامآور در رابطه با مدیریت گونههای مهاجم در دریای خزر با چالش مواجه نیست اما اجرای مؤثر این قواعد نیازمند همکاری بیشتر دولتهای عضو میباشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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