نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.

2 گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.

چکیده

شانه­ دار مهاجم دریای خزر نمونه ­ای از گونه­ های بیگانه مهاجم می ­باشد که از اواسط دهه نود میلادی، از طریق آب توازن کشتی ­ها از کانال ولگا- دن به دریای خزر منتقل شد. این گونه پلانکتون­ خوار با ایجاد اختلال در زنجبره غذایی، بسیاری از موجودات دریای خزر از جمله ماهیان کیلکا، خاویار و فک این دریا را در معرض خطر انقراض قرار داده ­است. با توجه به اثرات شدید زیست محیطی و اقتصادی گونه­های بیگانه مهاجم، سؤال اصلی این پژوهش آن است که حقوق بین­الملل چه تکالیفی را بر عهده دولت­های ساحلی خزر در راستای مدیریت این گونه­ها قرار می­دهد؟ در پاسخ،  با به کارگیری روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و بهره ­گیری از منابع کتابخانه­ای این نتیجه حاصل آمد که کشور جمهوری اسلامی ایران و دیگر کشورهای حاشیه دریای خزر به عضویت برخی معاهدات زیست­محیطی جهانی و منطقه­ای درآمده­اند که به طور صریح یا ضمنی، تعهداتی را برای پیشگیری، کنترل و حذف گونه­های بیگانه مهاجم بر عهده آنها قرار می­دهد. همچنین قواعد عرفی بین­المللی و اصول کلی حقوقی نیز تعهداتی را در جهت اتخاذ تدابیر پیشگیرانه، احتیاطی و کنترلی بر عهده این دولت­ها قرار داده ­است. نقض هر یک از این تعهدات اولیه یا اقدام به فعالیت­های موجد خسارت توسط کشورهای اطراف خزر می­تواند منجر به طرح مسئولیت بین­المللی دولت ناقض تعهد یا ایجادکننده خسارت شود. بنابراین حقوق بین­الملل از نظر وجود قواعد الزام­آور در رابطه با مدیریت گونه­های مهاجم در دریای خزر با چالش مواجه نیست اما اجرای مؤثر این قواعد نیازمند همکاری بیشتر دولت­های عضو می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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