مجله علوم و فنون دریایی

مجله علوم و فنون دریایی

توقیف نفت‌کش‌های یونان و ایران از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل دریاها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
دانشکده مدیریت و کمیسر دریایی، دانشگاه علوم دریایی حضرت امام خمینی (ره)، نوشهر، ایران.
چکیده
توقیف کشتی­ ها در قلمروهای مختلف دریایی از چالش­ های اساسی حقوق بین­ الملل دریاها می­ باشد که منجربه بروز اختلافات حقوقی میان دول صاحب پرچم و ساحلی و گاها دولت ثالث می­ گردد. گارد ساحلی یونان نفتکش روسی پگاس/لانا را که حامل محموله نفتی ایران بود، در روز سه‌شنبه ۱۹ آوریل 2022 در آب‌های جزیره اویا یونان، به­ دلیل نقض تحریم‌های آمریکا و اتحادیه اروپا علیه روسیه در ارتباط با حمله به اوکراین را توقیف و محموله نفتی ایران را نیز، به درخواست مقام‌های قضایی آمریکا توقیف کرد. این اقدام با اعتراض مقامات جمهوری اسلامی ایران مواجه و علیرغم تلاش ­های دیپلماتیک برای حل­ و فصل مسالمت ­آمیز اختلافات، دو نفتکش یونانی توسط سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی با حکم قضایی و شکایت صاحب­ بار نفت­کش لانا، توقیف گردید. ازاین ­رو، هدف از این مختصر، بررسی این توقیف­ ها از منظر حقوق بین­ الملل دریاها و پاسخگویی به این سوال است، که آیا اقدامات یونان و ایران  از منظر حقوق بین­ الملل دریاها مشروعیت دارد یا ندارد؟ روش تحقیق نوشتار حاضر، توصیفی تحلیلی، و روش جمع ­آوری اطلاعات کتابخانه ­ای اسنادی می­ باشد. یافته­ های تحقیق حاکی از آن است، توقیف محموله­ نفتی ایران توسط یونان و آمریکا در تناقض با استفاده صلح ­آمیز از دریاها و آزادی کشتیرانی می‌باشد. درخصوص اقدام ایران نیز با توجه به اینکه براساس بیانیه­ های وزارت امور خارجه یونان محل توقیف این دو نفت­کش در منطقه نظارت و دریای سرزمینی ایران بوده است، جمهوری اسلامی ایران دارای صلاحیت قضایی و بنابه حکم صادره از مراجع قضایی به علت تتخلفات دریایی نسبت به توقیف نفت­کش ­های یونانی اقدام نموده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Churchill, R. and Alan, L., 2010. International Law of the Seas. translated by Bahman Aghaei, 6th edition, Tehran. DOI: 10.1163/9789004195660_006. (In Persian).
CPDJI, Cour Permanente De Justice Internationale, September 1927. Collection of Judgments the Case of the S.S."Lotus", (French V. Turkish). SERIES A.-No. 70.
Dargahpour, S., 2022. Why is Iran's action in seizing Greek oil tankers legal? available at: https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1401/03/19/ 2726329/. (In Persian).
Farrokhi, M.A., 2014. The legal system governing the seizure of ships in the exclusive economic zone, Iranian Association of United Nations Studies, accessible at: https://unstudies.ir/iauns-forum/. (In Persian).
El-fakir, J., 2021. Retaliatory or Lawful? How Iran’s Seizure of the Stena Impero in The Strait of Hormuz Violated International Law, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Notes, 59:2, pp. 426-468.
Habibnouri, A.A., 2006. Review of the rapid release of seized foreign ships based on the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. Opinions of the International Court of Justice, Faculty of Law and Political Science (Tehran University), 72, 325-358. (In Persian).
Habibnouri, A.A., 2022. Laws of the Seas, second edition, Nowshahr. (In Persian).
Heydari, H. 2012. Effects of treaties on third countries as an exception to the rule of relativity of treaties, Accessible at: http://hahei.blogfa.com/post/7 . (In Persian).
HuffPost Greece, 28/05/2022. The decision of the defendant against the Greek ships in Iran, Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost. gr/entry/e-apofase-toe-anakrite-eevoias-pis. (In Greece).
HuffPost Greece, 09.052022. A Court sentence cancels the transfer of oil to the Iranian TANKER Lana, Available at: https://www.naftemporiki.gr/politics/1339705/dikastiki-apofasi-akyronei. (In Greece).
Irna, AIslamic Republic of Iran News Agency, 06.05.2022. Al-Mayadeen: Two Greek oil tankers were seized by Iran, accessible at: https://www.irna.ir/news/84769025/. (In Persian)
ITLOS, 2000. THE "CAMOUCO" Case (PANAMA v. FRANCE) List of cases: No. 5, JUDGMENT.
ITLOS, 2013. The “Arctic Sunrise” Case (Kingdom of The Netherlands V. Russian Federation) List of Cases No. 22. Order. DOI: 10.1163/9789004272545_010.
ITLOS, 2014. The M/V "Virginia G" Case, (Panama/Guinea-Bissau), List of Case, No. 19.
Karamzadeh, S. and Abedini, A., 2019. Legal analysis of the seizure of the Grace 1 oil tanker in the territorial waters of Gibraltar. Journal of Oceanography,11(41), pp.113-125. DOI: 10.52547/joc.11.41.113. (In Persian).
Mahmoudi, S. and Rastgo Afkham, A., 2017. Confrontation of America's Freedom of Navigation Program and China's Sovereignty Claims in the South China Sea. Journal of Legal Studies, 1(10), pp. 273-304. DOI: 10.22059/JRELS.2021.319294.422. (In Persian).
Meade, R., 2022a. US seizes Iranian crude from Russian tanker arrested in Greece. Available at: https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.in forma.com/LL1140913.
Mousavifar, S. and Rashidi, M. and Iqbali, K., 2021. Legal analysis of the action of the United States in issuing arrest warrants for Iranian oil tankers carrying gasoline to Venezuela. Energy Law Studies 7 (1), pp. 74-59. (In Persian).
Montazeran, J., 20.05.2019. Iran's military deterrence, the JCPOA and the rules of the international law of the seas, the international legal components of banning the seizure of Iranian oil tankers. Center for Strategic Studies, pp. 1-5. Accessible at: https://www.css. ir/fa/content/115266. (In Persian).
Musazadeh, R., 2009. Principles of Public International Law. 16th edition, Tehran. DOI: 964-5997-32-6.1. (In Persian).
Nordquist, M.H., Nandan, S., and Rosenne, S., 2011. United Nations Convention on the law of the sea 1982, Volume VII: a commentary (Vol. 7). Brill.
PCIJ, Permanent Court of International Justice, 1934. Oscar Chinn Case (Britain v. Belgium), Judgment.
Reuters, 12.08.2022. Iranian tanker reloads oil confiscated by U.S. in Greece, Avilable at: https://www.reuters.com/world/iranian-tanker-reloading-oil-greece-that-was-confiscated-by-us-sources-2022-08-12/.
Reuters, 27.05.2022. Iran seizes two Greek tankers amid row over U.S oil grab, Avilable at: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-summons-swiss-envoy-over-us-seizure-iranian-oil-isna-2022-05-27/.
Salehi, J., 2018. The approach of the coastal state in the light of international principles and documents in the face of the performance of foreign ships. J Pub Law Res21(63), pp.239-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22054/qj pl.2018.25665.1631. (In Persian).
Salehi, J., 2019. 'Freedom of the High Seas in Conflict with Coastal State Jurisdiction with Reference to “Norstar” Case'. International Law Review, 37(63), pp. 283-308. DOI: 10.22066/cilamag.2020.115673.1807. (In Persian).
Salehi, J. 2020. Coastal State’s Criminal Jurisdiction in Foreign Ship Affairs in International Judicial Procedure. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 50(4), pp. 1607-1622. DOI: 10.22059/jplsq.2019.266790.1835. (In Persian).
Salehi, J., 2021. occurrence of crime in open seas; From the application of the criminal jurisdiction of the coastal state to its prohibition in the jurisdiction of the International Court of Law of the Sea. Journal of Legal Research, 20(48), pp.37-57. DOI: 10.48300/jlr.2021.276580.1609. (In Persian).
Sayari, H. Nasri, F. and Seifi, B., 2022. International Law of Seas and International Waterways, second edition, Nowshahr. (In Persian)
Sirfi, S., Mousavi, S.F., and Firozpur, K., 2019. Protection of marine biodiversity in areas outside of national jurisdiction. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 50(3), pp. 966-939. DOI: 10.22059/jplsq.2019.287638.2134. (In Persian).
Seifi, B., 2019. Legitimacy of using unmanned military underwater vehicles from the perspective of international law of the seas. Defense Policy Magazine, 28(112), pp. 35-68. DOR:1001,1,10255087,1399,28,4,2,8,20. (In Persian).
Shaw, M.N. 2014. International Law of the Seas with a View to Iranian Issues, translated and authored by: Ebrahim-Gol, A. and Khosrowshahi, H. Tehran. (In Persian)
Statement of Maritime Ports Organization, 2022. The seizure of 2 Greek ships/the crews have not been arrested and are in good health. the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development news. Available at: http://news.mrud.ir/news/110129. (In Persian).
Souliotis, G., 31.05.2022. Iran – Greek tankers The maneuvers for "Lana" and the reprisals KATHIMERINI, Available at: https://www. kathimerini.gr/politics/561885457/iran-ellini ka-dexamenoploia-oi-cheirismoi-gia-to-la. (In Greece).
Souliotis, G., 05.06.2022. The unknown background with "Lana", Available at: https://www.kathimerini.gr/investigations/51893923/to-agnosto-paraskinio-me-to-lana/. (In Greece).
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, UN Doc. A/CONF. 62/122.
Tasnim news agency, 13.05.2022. Ukraine developments, the approval of the sixth package of anti-Russian sanctions by the European Union / Moscow: we will retaliate in case of attack. available at: https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1401 /03/13/2721343. (In Persian).
Zamani, S.G. and Seifi, B., 2021. Oil tankers collision with mines in the Oman Sea (2019) from the perspective of international law.  Iranian Research Letter of International Politics, 9(1), pp.111-138. DOI:  10.22067/iji p.v9i1.85678. (In Persian).
Ziyaei, S.N, 2013. The Legitimacy of the Unilateral Sanctions of the United States of America against the Islamic Republic of Iran from the Perspective of General International Law. In: A.H. Ranjbarian and S.Q. Zamani, ed. Iran and Contemporary International Legal Challenges. Tehran: Shahradanesh Publishin. Ch.3.‎ DOI: 10.52547/joc.11.41.113. (In Persian).
Ziyaibigdali, M.R., 2022. Mutual detention of Iranian and Greek oil tankers from the perspective of international law, accessible at: https://www.ekhtebar.com. (In Persian)
Zupruk, B., 2022. The Legality and Ramifications of High Seas Seizures of Foreign Merchant Vessels for Violating US Sanctions. Tul. Mar. LJ46.
دوره 22، شماره 2
تابستان 1402
صفحه 50-67

  • تاریخ دریافت 17 بهمن 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری 18 فروردین 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش 04 اردیبهشت 1402
  • تاریخ انتشار 01 تیر 1402