Journal of Marine Science and Technology

Journal of Marine Science and Technology

Using dispersive liquid liquid microextraction for extraction and per-concentration of formaldehyde of seawater samples after derivation with dimedone and their determination by spectrophotometery

Document Type : Original Manuscript

Authors
1 Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Science, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran
2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive and economical method is suggested for the rapid determination of formaldehyde in seawater samples. This method is based on the reaction of formaldehyde with 5, 5-di methyl-1, 3-cyclohexane dion (dimedone) in the presence of ammonium acetate. After the reaction of derivative, a mixture of 900 µL of ethanol as a dispersive solvent and 100 µL of chloroform as an extraction solvent was rapidly injected into a water sample containing formaldehyde. Their concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically in micro-cuvettes at 395 nm. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the range of (0.1-100) µg/L with the detection limit of 0.02 µg/L and limit of quantification of 0.07 µg/L for formaldehyde. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency including pH, type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents, and amount of dimedone, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity of the technique was in the range of 0.1-100.0 µg. L-1 with a detection limit of 0.02 µg. L-1 for the same compound. The relative recoveries of formaldehyde from seawater samples at spiking levels of 10 µg. L-1 were between 97.0-99.4%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of formaldehyde in seawater of Chabahar Bay.
Keywords

Subjects


Afkhami, A. and Bagheri, H., 2012. Preconcentration of trace amounts of formaldehyde from water, biological and food samples using an efficient nanosized solid phase, and its determination by a novel kinetic method. Microchimica Acta176, pp.217-227.10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.063
Arvand, M., Bozorgzadeh, E., Shariati, S. and Zanjanchi, M.A., 2012. Ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of formaldehyde in wastewaters and detergents. Environmental monitoring and assessment184, pp.7597-7605. 10.1007/s10661-012-2521-4
Berijani, S. and Ahmadi, G., 2014. Ultrasound Assisted Surfactant Enhanced Emulsification Microextraction and Spectrofluorimetry for Determination of Oxadiazon in Agricultural Water Samples. 10.30492/IJCCE.2014.11802
Caro, E., Marcé, R.M., Cormack, P.A., Sherrington, D.C. and Borrull, F., 2004. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction of naphthalene sulfonates from water. Journal of Chromatography A1047(2), pp.175-180. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.07.015
Deng, B., Liu, Y., Yin, H., Ning, X., Lu, H., Ye, L. and Xu, Q., 2012. Determination of ultra-trace formaldehyde in air using ammonium sulfate as derivatization reagent and capillary electrophoresis coupled with on-line electrochemiluminescence detection. Talanta91, pp.128-133. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.038.
Hajmohammadi, M.R. and Hemmati, M., 2017. Vortex-assisted inverted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of naproxen from human plasma and its determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering36(3), pp.107-114. doi: 10.30492/IJCCE.2017.28068.
H Hashemi, S., Kaykhaii, M. and Dehvari, R., 2017. In-Syringe Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Trace Analysis of Naphthalene Sulfonates in Seawater. Current Chromatography4(1), pp.58-65. doi:10.2174/2213240604666170118112615 .
Hashemi, SH., Kaykhaii, M. and Tabehzar, F., 2016. Molecularly imprinted stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with high‑performance liquid chromatography for trace analysis of naphthalene sulfonates in seawater. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 13, pp.733-741. doi: 10.1007/s13738-015-0785-7.
Li, Q., Sritharathikhum, P., Oshima, M. and Motomizu, S., 2008. Development of novel detection reagent for simple and sensitive determination of trace amounts of formaldehyde and its application to flow injection spectrophotometric analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta612(2), pp.165-172. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.028.
Li, Z., Ma, H., Lu, H. and Tao, G., 2008. Determination of formaldehyde in foodstuffs by flow injection spectrophotometry using phloroglucinol as chromogenic agent. Talanta74(4), pp.788-792. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.07.011.
Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Milani Hosseini, M.R., Elham, A., Ahmadi, F and Berijani, S., 2006. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 1116, pp.1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.007.
Sakai, T., Tanaka, S.I., Teshima, N., Yasuda, S. and Ura, N., 2002. Fluorimetric flow injection analysis of trace amount of formaldehyde in environmental atmosphere with 5, 5-dimethylcyclohexane-1, 3-dione. Talanta58(6), pp.1271-1278. doi: doi: 10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00200-X.
Bahar, S. and Zakerian, R., 2014. Ionic Liquid Based Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction and Enhanced Determination of the Palladium in Water, Soil and Vegetable Samples by FAAS. doi: doi: 10.30492/IJCCE.2014.11803.
Syamala, M., 2009. Recent progress in three-component reactions. An update. Organic Preparations and Procedures International41(1), pp.1-68. doi: 10.1080/00304940802711218.
Nottebohm, M. and Licha, T., 2012. Detection of naphthalene sulfonates from highly saline brines with high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with fluorescence detection and solid-phase extraction. Journal of chromatographic science50(6), pp.477-481. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bms029.
Teshima, N., Fernández, S.K.M., Ueda, M., Nakai, H. and Sakai, T., 2011. Flow injection spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on its condensation with hydroxylamine and subsequent redox reaction with iron (III)–ferrozine complex. Talanta84(5), pp.1205-1208. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.12.019.
Wang, T., Gao, X., Tong, J. and Chen, L., 2012. Determination of formaldehyde in beer based on cloud point extraction using 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine as derivative reagent. Food chemistry131(4), pp.1577-1582. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.021.
Yamini, Y., Rezaee, M., Khanchi, A., Faraji, M. and Saleh, A., 2010. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry as a fast technique for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. Journal of chromatography A1217(16), pp.2358-2364. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.046.
Yang, M.H., Blunden, G. and Tyihák, E., 1998. Formaldehyde from marine algae. Biochemical systematics and ecology26(1), pp.117-123. doi: 10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00083-5.
Yeh, T.S., Lin, T.C., Chen, C.C. and Wen, H.M., 2013. Analysis of free and bound formaldehyde in squid and squid products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. journal of food and drug analysis21(2), pp.190-197. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.05.010.
Volume 22, Issue 1
Spring 2023
Pages 1-10

  • Receive Date 22 September 2018
  • Revise Date 18 December 2019
  • Accept Date 23 December 2019
  • Publish Date 21 April 2023