Journal of Marine Science and Technology

Journal of Marine Science and Technology

Study of changes in energy metabolism parameters in brain tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) in early life stages

Document Type : Original Manuscript

Authors
1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid ChamranUniversity of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
Abstract
For study of changes in energy metabolism of brain in rainbow trout during early life stages, some samples were collected from fish larvae and fingerlings with initial weight 1.35±0.15 during 7 months. Sample collection was randomly made in 12 stages (7 samples per every 8 days, 3 samples per every 2 weeks and 2 samples every one month). Brain tissue was dissected and transferred to nitrogen tank before analysis. The brain tissues were homogenized and the supernatant was adjusted to measurement of glycogen, glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6- phosphatase. Results revealed statistically changes in the metabolites during the sampling, so, glycogen and lactate concentration showed an increasing trend by increasing in fish age, but glucose concentration did not follow this trend. The minimum glucose concentration in brain tissue was observed in seventh stage of sampling. Concentration of metabolism enzymes was showed fluctuations and increasing trend during sampling. Finally, it is proposed that environmental and nutritional factors and different requirement of fish to energy in different stages of life may be effective on metabolites concentrations and metabolism enzymes activity.
Keywords

Subjects


Blasco, J., Ferna´ndez-Borra´s, J., Marimon, I., Requena, A., 1996. Plasma glucose kinetics and tissue uptake in brown trout in vivo: effect of an intravascular glucose load. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B 165, 534–541.
Boujard, T., Brett, S., Lin, L., Leatherland, J.F., 1993. Effect of restricted access to demand feeders on diurnal pattern of liver composition, plasma metabolites and hormone levels in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 11, 337–344.
Caines, D., Sinclair, M., Wood, D., Valverde, A., Dyson, D., Gaitero, L., Nykamp, S. 2013. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid lactate and plasma lactate concentrations in anesthetized dogs with and without intracranial disease, The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 77:297–302
Clarke, D.D., Lajtha, A.L., Maker, H.S., 1989. Intermediary metabolism. In: Siegel, G.J. (Ed.), Basic Neurochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects, Raven Press, New York, pp. 541–564
De Roos, R., 1994. Plasma ketone, glucose, lactate, and alaninev levels in the vascular supply to and from the brain of the spiny dogfish shark Squalus acanthias. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 268, 354–363
Ferguson, R.A., Storey, K.B., 1992. Gluconeogenesis in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) white muscle: purification and characterization of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity in vitro. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 10, 201–212
Ferrando, M.D. and Andreu-Moliner, E., 1991. Changes in selected biochemical parameters in the brain of the fish, Anguilla anguilla (L.), exposed to lindane. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 459–464
Figueroa, R.I., Rodr´ıguez-Sabar´ıs, R., Aldegunde, M., Soengas, J.L., 2000. Effects of food deprivation on 24h-changes in brain and liver carbohydrate and ketone body metabolism of rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology. 57, 631–646.
Foster, G.D., Youson, J.H., Moon, T.W., 1993. Carbohydrate metabolism in the brain of the adult lamprey. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 267, 27–32.
Ginneken,V., Nieween, M. and  Eersel, R. 1996. Neurotransmitter Levels and Energy Status in Brain of Fish Species with and without the Survival Strategy of Metabolic Depression. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 114A. 189-196.
Hylland, P. and Nilsson, G.E., 1999. Extracellular levels of amino acid neurotransmitters during anoxia and forced energy deficiency in crucian carp brain. Brain Research, 823, 49–58
Johansson, D., Nilsson, G.E. and Tornblon, E., 1995. Effects of anoxia on energy metabolism in crucian carp brain slices studied with microcalorimetry. Journal of Experimental Biology. 198, 853–859
Kemp, A., Adrienne, J.M. and Van Hejningen, K., 1954.  A colorimetric method for the determination of glycogen in tissues. The Biochemical Journal, 56: 640-648.
Liu, J., Wu, N., Ma, L., Liu, M., Liu G., Zhang Y., Lin, X., 2014. Oleanolic acid suppresses aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells by switching pyrivate kinase type M isoforms. Plos One. 9: e91606.
Lutz, P.L. and Nilsson, G.E., 1997. Contrasting strategies for anoxia brain survival — glycolysis up or down. Journal of Experimental Biology. 200, 411–419.
Magistretti, P.J., 1999. Brain energy metabolism. In: Zigmond, M.J., Bloom, F.E., Landis, S.C., Roberts, J.L., Squire, L.R. Eds.), Fundamental Neuroscience, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 389–413.
Nikokar, M., 1999. Effects of experimental hyperthyroidism on enzymatic activity of hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and aktinase in rat's brain during growth period, Journal of the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 1(1): 61-7
Nordlie, R.C., Arion, W.J. 1966. Methods in Enzymology, 9, 619-625
Plisetskaya, E.M. and Mommsen, T.P., 1996. Glucagon and glucagon- like peptides in fishes. Int. Rev. Cytol. 168, 187–257
Polakof,S., Ceinos,R., Fernández-Durán,B., Míguez,J and Soengas,J. 2007. Daily changes in parameters of energy metabolism in brain of rainbow trout: Dependence on feeding. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 146 ,265–273.
Shanmugam, S., Sathish Kumar, T. and Panneer Selvqam, K., 2010. Laboratory Handbook on Biochemistry. Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97 New Delhi-110001. 141 P.
Singer, T.D. and Ballantyne, J.S., 1989. Absence of extrahepatic lipid oxidation in a freshwater elasmobranch, the dwarf stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae: evidence from enzyme activities. Journal of Experimental Biology. 251, 355–36
Soengas, J.L. and Aldegunde, M., 2002. Energy metabolism of fish brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 131B, 271–296.
Soengas, J.L., Polakof, S., Chen, X., Sangiao-Alvarellos, S., Moon, T.W., 2006. Glucokinase and hexokinase expression and activities in rainbow trout tissues: changes during food deprivation and refeeding. Am. J. Physiol. 291, R810–R821.
Soengas, J.L., Strong, E.F., Andre´s, M.D., 1998a. Glucose, lactate, and b-hydroxybutyrate utilization by rainbow trout brain: changes during food deprivation. Physiological Zoology. 71, 285–293.
Soengas, J.L., Agra-Lago, M.J., Carballo, B., Veira, J.A.R, 1996. Effect of an acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium on liver carbohydrate metabolism of
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57, 625–631.
Van Ginneken, V., Nieveen, M., Van Eersel, R., Van den Thillart, G., Addink, A., 1996. Neurotransmitter levels and energy status in brain of fish species with and without the survival strategy of metabolic depression. Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 114A, 189–196.

  • Receive Date 17 October 2017
  • Revise Date 09 January 2018
  • Accept Date 21 January 2018
  • Publish Date 22 July 2020