Journal of Marine Science and Technology

Journal of Marine Science and Technology

Interaction effects of salinity and density on serum biochemical indices of Asian sea bass (Lates calcalifer)

Document Type : Original Manuscript

Authors
Mohammad Taheri 1
Seyed Mohammad Mousavi 1, 2
Nasim Zanguee 1
Mansour Torfi Mozanzadeh 3
1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
2 Excellence Center of Warm Water Fish Health and Diseases, Ahvaz, Iran.
3 South Iran Aquaculture Research Centre, Iranian Fisheries Science Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran.
10.22113/jmst.2023.379919.2510
Abstract
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the appropriate stocking density and salinity for Asian sea bass (Lates calcalifer) in rearing conditions. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the mutual effects of density and salinity on the biochemical parameters of Asian sea bass. To perform this experiment, 450 sea bass fingerlings with an average initial weight of 30±5.4 grams were randomly selected and divided into 27 fiberglass tanks (each treatment in 3 replicates) and fed with diets for two months. They were fed commercial food. In general, in this research, 9 experimental treatments including 3 salinity levels (10, 20, and 30 ppt) and 3 density levels (1, 2, and 3 kg/m3) were mutually evaluated. During the experimental period, the fish were fed manually until satiety. To investigate the physiological condition of the fish after two months of feeding, blood was taken from the fish’s caudal vein and serum was separated. The studied biochemical parameters including cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, total protein, albumin, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, LDL, and HDL were measured by enzyme-photometric method. Based on the results obtained in this research, different levels of salinity had significant effects on serum triglyceride and glucose levels (p<0.05). The density had a significant effect only on the serum magnesium index (p<0.05) and no significant effect was observed on other indices (p<0.05). Based on the statistical analysis, the interaction effect of salinity and density on the amount of albumin has a significant effect, so the lowest amount of serum albumin was observed in medium salinity and medium density. Also, salinity and density had significant interaction effects on serum glucose (p<0.05). According to the results obtained from the present study, it can be said that Asian seabass can be a suitable option for culture in brackish waters (salinity 20 g/l) and medium density (2 kg/m3).

INTRODUCTION:

It seems that each fish species has an optimal water salinity specified for the growth of that species. Salinity along with other parameters such as temperature, feed consumption, sex, and growth stage may also affect the growth performance (Boeuf and Payan, 2001). It has been proven that the digestive capacity of fish can change due to changes in the amount of drinking water in different densities and salinities of water, which may affect the activity of digestive enzymes, the salinity content, the composition of ions, and the pH of the intestine. (Gifard-Mena et al., 2006). It seems that there has been no study on the mutual effects of density and salinity on Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). This study was done to determine the suitable stocking density and salinity for Asian sea bass in farm conditions and the main part of this research is to investigate the mutual effects of density and salinity on the biochemical parameters of Asian sea bass.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To perform this experiment, 450 sea bass fingerlings with an average initial weight of 30±5.4 grams were randomly selected and divided into 27 fiberglass tanks (each treatment in 3 replicates) and fed with diets for two months. They were fed commercial food. In general, in this research, 9 experimental treatments including 3 salinity levels (10, 20, and 30 ppt) and 3 density levels (1, 2, and 3 kg/m3) were mutually evaluated. During the experimental period, the fish were fed manually until satiety. In order to investigate the physiological condition of the fish after two months of feeding, blood was taken from the fish’s caudal vein and serum was separated. The studied biochemical parameters including cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, total protein, albumin, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, LDL, and HDL were measured by enzyme-photometric method.

RESULTS

Based on the results obtained in this research, different levels of salinity had significant effects on serum triglyceride and glucose levels (p<0.05). The density had a significant effect only on the serum magnesium index (p<0.05) and no significant effect was observed on other indices (p<0.05). Based on the statistical analysis, the interaction effect of salinity and density on the amount of albumin has a significant effect, so the lowest amount of serum albumin was observed in medium salinity and medium density. Also, salinity and density had significant interaction effects on serum glucose (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Because aquaculture is often related to high density, the production and culture systems should consider the quality of the product and health, which depends on proper care and culture methods (Irwin et al., 1999). It has been proven that changing the culture density is a source of stress for fish. Stocking density directly depends on the calmness of the fish culture environment and plays a role as a determining factor in the amount of fish production and economic efficiency. Optimum density improves the quality of the rearing environment and growth rate (Braun et al., 2010; Van de Nieuwegiessen et al., 2008). Euryhaline fishes are relatively able to keep the ratio of ionic compounds and osmolarity of internal body fluids constant (when exposed to different salinities), this action is done through a series of ionic processes and osmotic adjustments that require energy (Lisboa et al., 2015; Nordlie, 2009).
In general, based on the results of this research, the lowest amount of changes in serum parameters was observed in mean salinity (20 ppt) and densities of 1 and 2 kg per cubic meter. Even though this species is considered a euryhaline species, low salinities near fresh water lead to increased stress and increased metabolism, which can further cause negative effects on the growth rate and also the fish's immune system. Further studies on immune system variables and growth and nutrition indicators can provide better operational results for the use of aquaculture farmers while confirming the results of this research. Based on the results, it can be said that this species can tolerate changes in the range of seawater to brackish water within 60 days and successfully adapts to fresh water, so it can be a suitable option for culture in brackish water (20 ppt of salinity) and mean density (2 kg per cubic meter).
References:
Boeuf, G. and Payan, P., 2001. How should salinity influence fish growth? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, 130: 411–423. DOI: 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00268-X
Braun, N., Lima de Lima, R., Baldisserotto, B. and Dafre, A.L., Pires de Oliveira Nuñer, A., 2010. Growth, biochemical and physiological responses of Salminus brasiliensis with different stocking densities and handling. Aquaculture, 301: 22–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.01.022
Giffard-Mena, I., Charmantier, G., Grousset, E., Aujoulat, F., Castille, R., 2006. Digestive tract ontogeny of Dicentrarchus labrax: implication in osmoregulation. Development, Growth and Differentiation, 48, 139–151. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169X.2006.00852.x
Irwin, S., O’Halloran, J., FitzGerald, R.D., 1999. Stocking density, and growth variation in juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Rafinesque). Aquaculture, 178: 77–88.
Lisboa, V., Barcarolli, I.F., Sampaio, L.A., Bianchini, A., 2015. Effect of salinity on survival, growth and biochemical parameters in juvenile Lebranch mullet Mugil liza (Perciformes: Mugilidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 13: 447–452. DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140122
Nordlie, F.G., 2009. Environmental influences on regulation of blood plasma/serum components in teleost fishes: a review. Review in Fish Biology, 19: 481–564. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-009-9131-4
Van de Nieuwegiessen, P., Boerlage, A., Verreth, J. and Schrama, J., 2008. Assessing the effects of a chronic stressor, stocking density, on welfare indicators of juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 115: 233–243. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.05.008
 
Keywords
Barramundi
Environmental Stress
Brackish Water
Aquaculture

Subjects

Abdel-Rahim, M.M., Lotfy, A.M., Toutou, M.M., Aly, H.A., Sallam, Gh.R., Abdelaty, B.S. and Helal, A.M., 2020. Effects of salinity level on the survival, growth, feed utilization, carcass composition, haematological and serum biochemical changes of juvenile Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) (Asso, 1801) grown in ground saltwater. Aquaculture Research, 51(3), pp. 1038-1050. DOI: 10.1111/are.14449
Abou-Anni, I.S., Bianchini, A., Barcarolli, I.F., Junior, A.S.V., Robaldo, R.B., Tesser, M.B. and Sampaio, L.A., 2016. Salinity influence on growth, osmoregulation and energy turnover in juvenile pompano Trachinotus marginatus Cuvier 1832. Aquaculture, 455, pp.63-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.01.010
Abou-Zied, R.M., 2010. Effect of stocking density on growth performance feed utilization of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in cages suspended on natural pond. Fayoum Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 24(1), pp. 120-127. DOI: 10.21608/fjard.201 0.195662
Axelrod, J., Reisine, T.D., 1984. Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation. Science. 4: 224(4648), pp.452-459. DOI: 10.1126/scie nce.6 143403
Azodi, M., Bahabadi, M.N., Ghasemi, A., Morshedi, V., Mozanzadeh, M.T., Shahraki, R., Khademzadeh, O., Hamedi, S. and Avizhgan, S., 2021. Effects of salinity on gills' chloride cells, stress indices, and gene expression of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch, 1790). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 47(6), pp. 2027-2039. DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01024-6.
Baker, R.F. and Ayles, G.B., 1990. The effects of varying density and loading level on the growth of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). World Aquaculture, 21, pp. 58–62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb02722.x
Barman, U.K., Jana, S.N., Garg, S.K., Bhatnagar, A. and Arasu, A.R.T., 2005. Effect of inland water salinity on growth, feed conversion efficiency and intestinal enzyme activity in growing grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linn.): field and laboratory studies. Aquaculture International, 13, pp. 241–256. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-004-2479-5
Barton, B.A., 2002. Stress in Fishes: A Diversity of Responses with Particular Reference to Changes in Circulating Corticosteroids, Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3), pp. 517–525. DOI: 10.1093/icb/42.3.517
Boeuf, G. and Payan, P., 2001. How should salinity influence fish growth? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, 130, pp. 411–423. DOI: 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00 268-X
Braun, N., Lima de Lima, R., Baldisserotto, B. and Dafre, A.L. and Pires de Oliveira Nuñer, A., 2010. Growth, biochemical and physiological responses of Salminus brasiliensis with different stocking densities and handling. Aquaculture, 301, pp. 22–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.01.022
Canario, A.V.M., Condec¸ A.J., Power, D.M. and Ingleton, P.M., 1998. The effect of stocking density on growth in the gilthead Sea-bream, Sparus aurata (L.). Aquaculture Research, 29, pp. 177–181. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.1998.tb01122.x
Chang, S.F., Ngoh, G.H., Kueh, L.F.S., Qin, Q.W., Chen, C.L., Lam, T.J. and Sin, Y.M., 2001. Development of a tropical marine fish cell line from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) for virus isolation. Aquaculture. 19, pp. 133-145. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00465-8
Ellis, T., North, B., Scott, A.P., Bromage, N.R., Porter, M. and Gadd, D., 2002. The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology, 61 (3), pp. 493–531. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00893.x
FAO, 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture - Meeting the Sustainable. Development Goals., Rome, pp. 227. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-world-fisheries-and-aquaculture-2018
FAO. 2022. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture – Towards Blue Transformation, Rome, pp. 266. https://reliefweb.int/report/ world/state-world-fisheries-and-aquaculture-2020
Garza-Gil, M.D., Varela-Lafuente, M. and Caballero-Miguez, G., 2009. Price and production trends in the marine fish aquaculture in Spain. Aquaculture Research. 40, pp. 274-281. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02106.x
Giffard-Mena, I., Charmantier, G., Grousset, E., Aujoulat, F. and Castille, R., 2006. Digestive tract ontogeny of Dicentrarchus labrax: implication in osmoregulation. Development, Growth and Differentiation, 48, pp. 139–151. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169X.2006.00852.x
Goda, A.M.A.S., Srour, T.M., Mansour, A.T., Baromh, M.Z., Sallam, G.R. and Baromh A.Z., 2019. Assessment of stressful ambient water salinity on growth, feed utilization, and hematological indices of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, juveniles. AACL Bioflux, 12(2), pp. 553-563. http://www.bi oflux.com.ro/docs/2019.553-563.pdf
Hasanalipour, A.R., Eagderi, S., Bahmani, B. and Poorbagher, H., 2013. Cortisol-glucose level and growth changes in response to rearing density in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869), Utilization and Cultivation of Aquatics, 1(4), pp. 13-27. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_04
Hashemi, S.A.R., Akbary, P. and Hafezieh, M., 2021. Effect of density on the growth performance and survival of Asian sea bass fish (Lates calcarifer, Bloch, 1790) In earthen pools Gwadar site, Journal of Animal Environment, 13(2), pp. 277-282.
Helmy, A.M., Badawi, H.K. and El-Bishry, A., 1974. Seasonal variations in the protein composition of blood serum of Anguilla vulgaris and Mugill cephalus. Bulletin of Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, A.R.E. 4:370-381.
Herrera, M., Aragão, C., Hachero, I., Ruiz-Jarabo, I., Vargas-Chacoff, L., Mancera, J.M. and Conceição, L.E.C., 2012. Physiological short-term response to sudden salinity changes in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(6), pp. 1741-1751.
Iranian Fisheries Organization, 2022. Statistical Yearbook of Iranian Fisheries. 2016-2022.
Irwin, S., O’Halloran, J. and FitzGerald, R.D., 1999. Stocking density, and growth variation in juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Rafinesque). Aquaculture, 178, pp. 77–88.
Johari, S.A. and Kalbassi. M.R. 2006. Investigation of red blood cell alterations in triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Iranian Journal of Biology, 19(4), pp. 492-495. (In Persian)
Jørgensen, E.H., Christiansen, J.S., Jobling and M., 1993. Effects of stocking density on food intake, growth performance and oxygen consumption in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Aquaculture, 110, pp. 191–204. DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(93)90272-Z
Jun, Q., Pao, X., Haizhen, W., Ruiwei, L. and Hui, W., 2021. Combined effect of temperature, salinity, and density on the growth and feed utilization of Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Research, 43(9), pp. 1344-1356. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02938.x
Kelly, S.P., Chow, I.N.K. and Woo, N.Y.S., 1999. Haloplasticity of black seabream (Mylio macrocephalus): hypersaline to freshwater acclimation. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 283, pp. 226–241. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990215)283:3<226::AID-JEZ2>3.0.CO;2-8
Khani, F., Imanpoor, M., Kolangi Miandare, H. and Ghaedi, A., 2015. The Effect of Salinity stress on the‏ ‏Haematological and Serum Biochemical ‎parameters of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) Juveniles fed with ‎different levels of Nucleotide-supplemented, Journal of Animal Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(3), pp. 307-322. (In Persian), DOI: 20.1001. 1.23832614.1394.28.3.5.4
Kjartansson, H., Fivelstad, S., Thomassen, J.M. and Smith, M.J., 1988. Effects of different stocking densities on physiological parameters and growth of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared in circular tanks. Aquaculture, 73, pp. 261–274. DOI: 10.1016/0044-848 6(88)90060-9
Lambert, Y. and Dutil, J.D., 2001. Food intake and growth of adult Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) reared under different conditions of stocking density, feeding frequency, and size-grading. Aquaculture, 192, pp. 233–247. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00448-8
Lefrançois, Ch., Claireaux, G., Mercier, C. and Aubin, J., 2001. Effect of density on the routine metabolic expenditure of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquaculture, 195(3–4), pp. 269-277. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00559-7
Lim, C. and Webster, C.D., 2006. Tilapia biology, culture, and nutrition. The Haworth Press, Inc. Binghamton. NY. 247P.
Lisboa, V., Barcarolli, I.F., Sampaio, L.A. and Bianchini, A., 2015. Effect of salinity on survival, growth and biochemical parameters in juvenile Lebranch mullet Mugil liza (Perciformes: Mugilidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 13, pp.447–452. DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140122
Lobo, G., Pereira, L.F., Goncalves, J.F.M., Peixoto, M.J. and Ozo ́io, R.O.A., 2018. Effect of dietary seaweed supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) subjected to rearing temperature and salinity oscillations. International Aquatic Research, 10, pp. 321–331. DOI: 10.1007/s40071-018-0208-3
Ma, Z., Guo, H., Zheng, P., Wang, L., Jiang, S., Zhang, D. and Qin, J.G., 2014. Effect of salinity on the rearing performance of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). Aquaculture Research. 47, pp. 1761–1769. DOI: 10.1111/are.12633
Magnadóttir, B. 2006. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 20(2), pp. 137-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi. 2004.09.006
Martinez-Alvarez, R., Hidalgo, M., Domezain, A., Morales, A., García-Gallego, M. and Sanz, A., 2002. Physiological changes of sturgeon Acipenser naccarii caused by increasing environmental salinity. Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, pp. 3699–3706. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.23.3699
Martinez-Palácios, C.A., Morte, J.C., Tello-Ballinas, J.A., Toledo-Cuevas, M. and Ross, L.G., 2004. The effects of saline environments on survival and growth of eggs and larvae of Chirostoma estor estor Jordan 1880 (Pisces: Atherinidae). Aquaculture, 238, pp. 509–522. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.10.032
Mathew, G., 2009. Taxonomy, identification, and biology of Sea bass (Lates calcarifer). In: Imelda, J., Edwin, J.V., Susmitha, V. (Eds.), Course Manual: National Training on Cage Culture of Sea Bass. CMFRI & NFDB, Kochi, pp. 38–43.
Mohammadidust, M., Yooneszadeh Fashalami, M., Hekmatpur, F., Mortezavi, S.A.S. and Mohseninejad, L., 2020. The survey of different density culture of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in shrimp ponds in ‎ Choebdeh Abadan province, Journal of Animal Environment, 12(1), pp. 201-208. (In Persian). DOI: 10.22034/aej.2020.105172
Morgan, J.D., Iwama, G.K., 1991. Effects of salinity on growth, metabolism, and ion regulation in juvenile rainbow and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 48, pp. 2083–2094. DOI: 10.1139/f91-247
Mousavi, S.M., Majdi Nasab, E., Yavari, V., Rajabzadeh Ghatrami, E. and Razi Jalali, M., 2012. Effects of two anaesthetic regimes, MS-222 and eugenol, on plasma biochemical profile in Barbus sharpeyi, Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21, pp. 859-863. DOI: 10.100 7/s00580-011-1189-4
Nordlie, F.G., 2009. Environmental influences on regulation of blood plasma/serum components in teleost fishes: a review. Review in Fish Biology, 19, pp. 481–564. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-009-9131-4
Ordóñez-Grande, B., Guerreiro, P.M., Sanahuja, I., Fernández-Alacid, L. and Ibarz, A., 2021. Environmental Salinity Modifies Mucus Exudation and Energy Use in European Sea Bass Juveniles. Animals, 1, pp. 1580. DOI: 10.3390/ani11061580
Oujifard, A., Hosseini, A., Mohammadi dost, M. and Sadoni, E. 2014. Evaluation of potential Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) culture in ponds of Choebde, Abadan. Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 3 (4), pp. 50-41. (In Persian). http://jae.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-47-fa.html
Paterson, B.D., Rimmer, M.A., Meikle, G.M. and Semmens, G.L., 2003. Physiological responses of the Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer to water quality deterioration during simulated live transport: acidosis, red-cell swelling, and levels of ions and ammonia in the plasma. Aquaculture, 218, pp. 717-728. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00564-1
Pavlidis, M., Koumoundouris, G., Serioti, A., Somarakis, S., Divanach, P. and Kentouri, M., 2000. Evidence of temperature-dependent sex determination in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 287 (3), pp. 225– 232. DOI: 10.1002/1097-010X(20000801)287:33.0. CO;2-D
Petit, G., Beauchaud, M. and Buisson, B., 2001. Density effects on food intake and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoı¨des). Aquaculture Research, 32, pp. 495–497. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00589.x
Rowland, S.J., Mifsud, C., Nixon, M. and Boyd, P., 2006. Effects of stocking density on the performance of the Australian freshwater silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) in cages. Aquaculture, 253, pp. 301–308. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.049
Saillant, E., Fostier, A., Haffray, P., Menu, B., Thimonier, J. and Chatain, B., 2002. Temperature effects and genotype–temperature interactions on sex determination in the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 292, pp. 494–505. DOI: 10.1002/jez.10071
Salati, A.P., Farshadian, R., KeyvanShokooh, S. and Pasha-Zanoosi, H., 2019. Effect of changes in environmental salinity on blood parameters and body composition in Yellowfin Seabream (Acanthopagrus latus), Developmental Biology, 11(4), pp. 35-44. (In Persian). https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jdb/Article/1041604
Sammouth, S., Roque d’Orbcastel, E., Gasset, E., Lemarie´, G., Breuil, G., Marino, G., Coeurdacier, J.L., Fivelstad, S. and Blancheton, J.P., 2009. The effect of density on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) performance in a tank-based recirculating system. Aquacultural Engineering, 40, pp. 72–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.11.004
Sánchez, P., Ambrosio, P.P. and Flos, R., 2010. Stocking density and sex influence individual growth of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture, 300, pp. 93–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.12.013
Singh, R.K., 2000. Growth, survival and production of Lates calcarifer in a seasonal rainfed coastal pond of the Konkan region. Aquaculture, 8, pp. 55–60. DOI: 10.5958/2349-4433.2021.00054.4
Torfi Mozanzadeh, M., Safari, O., Oosooli, R., Mehrjooyan, Sh., Zabayeh Najafabadi, M., Hoseini, S.J., Saghavi, H. and Monem, J., 2021. The effect of salinity on growth performance, digestive and antioxidant enzymes, humoral immunity and stress indices in two euryhaline fish species: Yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) and Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), Aquaculture, 534, pp. 736329. DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0070
Urbinati, E.C., and Carneiro, P.C.F., 2004. Práticas de manejo e estresse dos peixes em piscicultura. In: Cyrino, J.E.P., Urbinati, E.C., Fracalossi, D.M., Castagnolli, N. (Eds.), Tópicos Especiais em Piscicultura de Água Doce Tropical Intensiva. Tecart, São Paulo, pp: 171–194. https://www.researchgate.net/pu blication/286776959
Van de Nieuwegiessen, P., Boerlage, A., Verreth, J. and Schrama, J., 2008. Assessing the effects of a chronic stressor, stocking density, on welfare indicators of juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 115, pp. 233–243. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.05.008
Vijayan, M.M. and Leatherland, J.F., 1988. Effect of stocking density on the growth and stress-response in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Aquaculture, 75 (1–2), pp. 159–171. DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(88)90029-4
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1984. Centropomidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). vol. 1. [pag. var.] FAO, Rome.
Journal of Marine Science and Technology
Volume 23, Issue 2
Spring 2024
Pages 1-15

  • Receive Date 06 January 2023
  • Revise Date 25 January 2023
  • Accept Date 29 January 2023
  • Publish Date 21 May 2024