Colour Enhancement in the zebra Malawi cichlid (Pseudotropheus zebra) by Addition of Spirulina microalga (Arthrospira maxima)

Shadi, Ahmad; Pirnia, Omid

doi:10.22113/jmst.2016.10547

Colour Enhancement in the zebra Malawi cichlid (Pseudotropheus zebra) by Addition of Spirulina microalga (Arthrospira maxima)

Document Type : Original Manuscript

Authors

Ahmad Shadi ¹

Omid Pirnia ²

¹ Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University

² Caspian Fish Co. Azerbaijan

10.22113/jmst.2016.10547

Abstract

Cultured ornamental fish are often faint coloured due to extensive culture conditions . Experiments using algae as food additive to the diets of fish resulted in colour enhancement due to their natural colourant compounds. Effect of Spirulina microalgae Arthrospira maxim diet on colour enhancement of Zebra Malawi cichlid Pseudotropheus zebra was investigated. Total 180 fish were tested in 6 treatments with tree replicate for each (control, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of dry Spirulina in daily diet). After 5 weeks of experiments, colorimetry was performed using Image Processing (10000*14000dpi quality). Image processing was carried out in Photoshop software using L*a*b system. The results showed that Spirulina treatment led to significant enhancement of L mean level at all treatments. Optimum ratio of 15% Spirulina in daily diet of Zebra Malawi cichlid was resulted in colour enhancement as all studied colour parameters was in significant difference in contrast to the control group(P

Keywords

Spirulina

Ornamental fish

Astaxanthin

Carotenoid

20.1001.1.20088965.1395.15.3.7.6

Subjects

Ahilian, B., K. Jegan., N. Felix., K. Ravanesvaran . 2008. Inflience of Butanical Additives on the Growth and Colaration of Adult Goldfish Carassiusauratus. Veterinary & Animal Sciences 4 (4) 129-134.

Ako H, Tamaru CS, Asano L, Yuen B, Yamamoto M 2000. Achieving natural colouration in fish under culture.UJNR Technical Report 28.

Alagappan M. 2004. Utilization of spirulina algae as a source of cartenoid pigment for blue gouramis (Trichogastertrichopterus).Journal of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences.X( 1) 1-27.

Chapman, F.A., Fitzcoy, S.A., Thunberg, E.M. & Adams, C.M. 1997. United States of America trade in ornamental

fish. Journal of World Aquaculture Society .28, 1–10.

CIE, Commission Internationale de I,Eclairage, 1976. Colorimetry, Publication no15. Bureau central de LaCIE, Vienna, Austria.14 pp.

CIE (Commission Internationale de 1, Ecalairage). 1978. Recommendations on uniform color spaces, color difference equations, psychometric color terms. Supplement No 2 to Publication No 15, Colorimetry, CIE 1971, Paris.

Cysewski, G.R. (1992). Feeds, foods and pigments from Spirulina. J. Phycol., 28 (Suppl.):12.

Ebrahimi, M., Abbasi, F., Mahdavi, S., Rahimi, M. 2010.The effect of 17 alpha- methyl testosterone on secondary sexual characteristics, ovary histology and larva production in (Poeciliareticulate).Khoramshahr Journal of marine science and technology. 3:8

Ehtiaty, A., Mohebi, V., Shahidi, F. 2008.Application of image processing in colorimetry of Bread crust using soy flour.18^th national congress on food technology. P8

Evans M.R and Norris K. 1996. The importance of carotenoids in signaling during aggressiveinteractions between male firemouth cichlids (Cichlasomameeki). Behavioral Ecology. ; 7: pp 1–6.

Gouveia, L. &Rema, P. 2005. Effect of micro algal biomass concentrationand temperature on ornamental goldfish (Carassiusauratus)skin pigmentation. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11, 19-23.

Gouveia, L. Rema, P. Pereira, O. &Empis, J. 2003.Colouring ornamental fish (Cyprinuscarpio and Carassiusauratus) with microalgalbiomas. Aquaculture Nutrition 9;123-129

Habib M.A.B., Parvin M., Huntington M., Hasan M.R. 2008.A review on culture, production and use of spirulina as food for humans and feeds for domestic animals and fish.FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular.No. 1034. Rome, FAO. 33p

Hata, M., and M. Hata. 1972. Carotenoid pigments in goldfish, IV. Carotenoid metabolism.Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 38:331– 338.

Hensen, R.H. 1990. Spirulina algae improves Japanese fish feeds. Aquaculture Magazine,6(6); 38-43.

Hill G.E and McGraw K.J. 2006.Bird coloration: function and evolution. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.

Howell B.K. and A. D. Matthews. 1991. The carotenoids of wild and blue disease affected farmed tiger shrimp (PenaeusMonodon, fabricus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 98( 2–3) 375–379

James R; Sampath K; Thangarathinam R; Vasudevan I. 2006. Effect of dietary Spirulina level on growth,fertility, coloration and leucocyte count in red swardtail,Xiphophorushelleri. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 58(2), 97-104.

Katayama Teruhisa, Toshiro Miyahara, Yoshito Tanaka, MuneoSameshima. 1973. Mechanism of the Interconversion of Plant Carotenoids into Fish Carotenoids-III. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University 22(1), 39-45.

Macedonia J.M, James S, Wittle L.W and Clark DL.Skin pigments and coloration in theJamaican radiation of Anolis lizards.Journal of Herpetology. 2000; 34: pp 99–109.

Meyers, S.P., Chen, H.M., 1982. Astaxanthin and its role in fishculture.Proceedings of the Warmwater Fish Culture Workshop. Spec. Publ., vol. 3, pp. 153–165. Charleston, South Carolina, 1–4March.

Pavlidis, M., Papandroulakis, N. and Divanach, P. 2006. A method for the comparison of chromaticity parameters in fish skin: preliminary results for coloration pattern of red skin Sparidae. Aquaculture. 258: 211-219.

Phaik Shang T. 2006. Skin colour changes in ornamental Koi (Cyprinuscarpio) frd different dietary carotenoid sources M. Sc. Thesis. Univeritisains Malaysia

Sinha A, OyasAmedAsimi. 2007. China rose (Hibiscus rosasinensis)petals: a potent natural carotenoid source for goldfish (CarassiusauratusL). Aquaculture Res. 38:1123-1128.

Storebakken, T., and H. K. No. 1992.Pigmentation of rainbow trout. Aquaculture 100:209–229.

Torrissen, O. J., R. W. Hardy, and K. D. Shearer. 1989. Pigmentation of salmonids: carotenoid deposition and metabolism. CRC Critical Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1:209–225.

Walisiewicz M,. K. Dye, M. King, S. Sedford (2005). Aquarium Fish Encyclopedia. London. pp400.

Wang YJ.,Chien YH., Pan CH (2006). Effects of dietary supplementation of carotenoids on survival, growth, pigmentation, and antioxidant capacity of characins, Hyphessobryconcallistus. Aquaculture 261:641–648

Wallat GK, Lazur AM, Chapman FA .2005. Carotenoids of differenttypes and concentrations in commercial formulated fish diets affectcolor and its development in the skin of the Red Oranda variety ofGoldfish. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 67: 42-51.

Yanar, M., Erçen, Z., Hunt, A.O. and Büyükçapar, H.M. 2008. The use of alfalfa, Medicago sativa, as a natural carotenoid source in diets of goldfish, Carassiusauratus. Aquaculture, 284: 196-200.

Zar, J.H., 1996. Circular Distributions, Biostatistical Analysis, 3^rd edition. Prentice-Hall International, INC, pp. 591–652.