The fish brain plays a crucial role in various physiological processes and can help explain adaptation mechanisms to excessive stress in response to environmental changes. Therefore, awareness of fish brain histology and anatomy is of paramount importance. In this study, twenty healthy specimens of Barbus sharpeyi (weight range 100–140 g; length 16–22 cm), captured from rivers in Ilam Province, were transferred to the dissection laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine. Following euthanasia, a midsagittal incision was made in the cranial region; the skin and skull bones were removed, and the brains were carefully extracted for anatomical and histological examination. Anatomical observations revealed that the brain of Barbus sharpeyi, from rostral to caudal, comprises the olfactory lobes, a very small telencephalon, highly developed optic lobes, a markedly large cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata. Histologically, the telencephalon lacks a neocortex; the optic lobes display six distinguishable layers; the cerebellum has a three-layer structure; and the medulla oblongata contains a central canal lined with ependymal cells. Comparative anatomical and histological analysis of the Barbus sharpeyi brain showed both differences and similarities with other teleost species, and understanding these characteristics may provide insights into growth and reproduction in this species.